Trabajo y salud: una reseña de metodologías
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71164/socialmedicine.v18i3.2025.2007Palabras clave:
condiciones de trabajo, trabajo, salud y bienestar, metodología, herramientasResumen
Tomando en cuenta la importancia del trabajo, no solo como determinante aislado, sino también en relación con otros factores de vulnerabilidad, es crucial examinar nuestra comprensión actual de cómo las condiciones laborales impactan sobre la salud y cómo se manifiestan sus efectos. Para abordar esta temática, se hizo una revisión de 52 estudios realizados a partir de la década de 1990, en países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBM). Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo evaluar las metodologías utilizadas para explorar la relación entre las condiciones laborales y de salud, así como identificar posibles líneas de investigación futuras. Cuarenta por ciento (n = 25) de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión se centró en las condiciones laborales y el estado de salud de las y los trabajadores en fábricas de textiles, la mayoría de los cuales eran mujeres. De este universo, la mayoría (n = 21) emplearon un diseño transversal y métodos cuantitativos de recolección de datos. Los efectos sobre la salud medidos incluyeron: la prevalencia de problemas de salud mental como depresión, estrés y ansiedad, así como accidentes laborales y trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME), estos últimos se expresaron mediante síntomas físicos, como dolor, rigidez, molestias, ardor, hormigueo, entumecimiento, alergias, malestar estomacal, debilidad, fatiga, agotamiento, problemas auditivos, problemas respiratorios e hipertensión, entre otros. Los estudios que utilizan métodos de investigación cualitativos son escasos. Dada la compleja relación entre la salud y el trabajo, es crucial generar conocimiento cotidiano sobre la primera, con base en las interacciones e interpretaciones de las personas en su contexto social. Por tanto, se necesita más información cualitativa para explorar cómo los diferentes aspectos del trabajo influyen sobre la salud de las y los trabajadores. Además, estos estudios pueden ayudar a esclarecer la intrincada relación entre las condiciones laborales y sus efectos en materia de salud.
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